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Dr. Janeth Colina Rivero reviews the net energy value found ExPress® soybean meal when added to swine diets and how it can decrease feed intake while providing proper nutrients



Mayette Ramos discusses the nutritional and financial value of using ExPress® soybean meal compared to crude coconut oil.  








Dr. Janeth Colina Rivero explains how the essential amino acids found in ExPress® soy meal contains all the natural nutrients that swine for better nutrition and higher return.





Craig Briney discusses how the increased BioSecruity of the ExPress® soybean meal process reduces the risk of PPRS spreading amongst swine farms.

The increasing growth of the swine industry and demand for pork worldwide has been widely supported by research on selection of genetic lines to get more piglets per sow per year, increase lean gain, and improve feed efficiency.  Given the increased production cost of feed in commercial swine production (>60%), it is relevant to maximize the economic efficiency of feed usage and supply energy and essential nutrients adjusted to the requirements of the pig4. Optimum feeding strategies would contribute greatly to the efficiency of energy and nutrient utilization5. Indeed, a main step in nutrition and feeding is the definition of high-quality ingredients to be included in the diets through the productive cycle of pigs. Proper nutrition during the wean-to-finish period is a challenge because it implies changes in the feeding program and requires dealing with the nutrient level and quality of ingredients in the diets pursuing proper health, growth, and development of pigs.

Compared to solvent-extracted, ExPress® meal serves as a highly digestible soy protein and energy source.  Based on a typical analysis, with 95% dry matter content, 6-8% residual oil in the meal, and often a lower level of crude protein (43-46%), along with more than 90% amino acid digestibility coefficients, ExPress® is a unique ingredient in many ways.  This has been shown by numerous animal feeding and digestibility experiments.

Previous data characterizing ExPress® soymeal in swine diets, has demonstrated positive responses (Woodworth et al., 2001)8. Growing pigs exhibited increased apparent amino acid digestibilities and metabolizable energy when fed ExPress® versus solvent-extracted, dehulled soybean meal. As shown in the table below, this was true whether ExPress® meal had been dehulled before extrusion and had similar amino acid digestibilities and metabolizable energies to ExPress® meal processed with the hulls left on

Swine production helps to ensure food security by supplying pork as the global demand continues to grow.  Pigs are the main protein source for millions of people across numerous, different cultures and geographical regions. In 2021, there were over 700 million pigs worldwide, increasing from around 654 million heads in the previous year1. In fact, it has been reported a global pork production forecast to be higher in 2021 due to recovery from both swine (African Swine Fever) and human viral outbreaks (COVID-19)2.  This is aligned with increasing pork consumption. Furthermore, pig meat is the most commonly consumed meat across the world, with about one-third of total meat consumed in the world, ahead of beef and chicken3.

In response to that trend, the swine industry has shifted toward a highly specialized systems approach and technological advances. Those advances bring challenges to the production system and involve the use of innovative management and nutritional tools to ensure that production efficiency is optimized. It should be paired with the application of strategies to guarantee optimal performance and pork quality according to the potential of selected genetic lines. Specifically, it involves key factors which play a crucial role in any operation like health programs, biosecurity, facilities, feed quality, feeding strategies, feed efficiency, and market acceptability, among others. All of these are defined by the people who should work to optimize the best management practices in swine operations to enhance carcass yield and pork quality to meet the demand and consumption of protein for a global growing population.

Pigs require diets with highly-digestible protein and an optimal amino acid ratio – components of protein that play a crucial role to maximize the animal’s growth performance. Soybean meal and other soy products contribute high-quality protein to diets fed to pigs because soy protein is rich in the limiting amino acids, lysine, threonine, and tryptophan, that are present in relatively low concentrations in the most commonly fed cereal grains6.
 

Full-fat soybeans need to be subjected to some form of heat treatment, otherwise their nutritive value is relatively low. Furthermore, raw full-fat soybeans may adversely influence animal health if fed due to the natural presence of antinutritional factors6,7. High-shear dry extrusion of soybeans, followed by mechanical oil pressing to partially de-oil the extruded soy, offers a unique and effective method to process soybeans. Proper heat processing of soybeans through high-shear dry extrusion (high temperature-short time cook process) inactivates protease inhibitors, thereby maximizing the quality of protein and energy in soybeans7. Furthermore, it ruptures the plant’s cell walls to release the oil, which provides maximum mechanical extraction of oil, yielding a premium quality soymeal with a consistent chemical composition, high-shear dry/partially deoiled soymeal (ExPress®). Therefore, ExPress® in diets for pigs justifies its use given the protein contribution to support the performance of the animals. Properly cooked soymeal will mitigate problems associated with negative performance and metabolic and health effects caused by the presence of antinutritional factors. Furthermore, when extrusion processing parameters are well controlled by having consistent particle size, consistent and appropriate moisture levels, appropriate processing temperature, and by using good quality, whole beans (not cracked), the resulting ExPress® soymeal is consistent and superior to solvent-extracted soybean meal.

Apparent Digestibility of Essential Amino Acids of Pigs Fed High-Shear Dry Extruded/Partially Deoiled (ExPress® Soymeal) and Solvent Extracted SBM

These nutritional advantages of ExPress® soymeal were confirmed by Rodriguez et al. (2020)9. The digestibility of essential amino acids was 3.6% greater for ExPress® compared with solvent extracted soybean meal. This effect can be related to better digestion of protein in ExPress® soymeal9. Further, the nutrients in an extruded product are more readily accessible to the digestive enzymes of animals; thus, a better utilization of the ingredients is expected. Aligned with the greater digestibility of amino acids in pigs fed ExPress®, proper deactivation of trypsin inhibitors to the tolerated level of 4.00 TIU/mg in pig diets10, did not impair digestibility. Additionally, the lysine to crude protein ratio in ExPress® soymeal was 6.27 which indicates that there was not heat damage9,11,12. Therefore, with proper deactivation of trypsin inhibitors using friction-based cooking (i.e. dry extrusion) as the only source of heat, it is possible to assure that those inhibitors do not interfere with the digestion of proteins and that the amino acids are usable by the pig for body maintenance and growth.

Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Essential Amino Acids of Pigs Fed High-Shear Dry Extruded/Partially Deoiled (ExPress® Soymeal) and Solvent Extracted SBM

In addition, ExPress® meal contains more digestible, metabolizable and net energy for swine than solvent-extracted soybean meal due to the residual oil in the meal9. This minimizes or eliminates the need to add other expensive additives, such as fats and oils, to supply dietary energy. The definition and knowledge of the energy systems is very important considering that not all gross energy consumed is retained by the animal. There will be losses via feces, urine, gas, and heat4. In addition, because energy is the most expensive component of feed, it is crucial to maximize energy utilization by pigs for an economically balanced approach to the diet.

Energy Concentrations in High-Shear Dry Extruded/Partially Deoiled (ExPress® Soymeal) and Solvent Extracted SBM

Understanding the actual digestible values of amino acids and energy concentration in feed ingredients is relevant because nutritionists demand consistent and predictable quality nutrient values of those feed ingredients. That is helpful for precise diet formulations to minimize risk of overfeeding or underfeeding pigs. Indeed, diet costs could be reduced in ExPress® fed diets because there is no need to add sources of energy (fats or other vegetable oils), and potentially synthetic amino acids.

With respect to growth performance, feeding experiments with growing-finishing pigs fed a variety of diets, including a direct comparison of ExPress® and solvent-extracted, dehulled soybean meal when formulated for very similar nutrient levels, the group fed ExPress® grew at the same rate, but consumed less average feed (5.98 vs. 6.37 lbs/pig/day) and tended to have improved feed efficiency (F/G: 2.95 vs. 3.17), compared to the group fed solvent-extracted, dehulled SBM13.

Webster et al. reported that the quality of ExPress® soymeal has a consistent composition and high nutritional value which will be determined by how the process is performed14.  Furthermore, it was evident when soy meals processed at a varying range of extrusion temperatures resulted in different feeding values of the meals. The proper deactivation of trypsin inhibitors was evident across proper processing temperatures which indicates ability to keep consistent and optimized processing parameters to ensure meal nutritive quality and add value. Overall results in this study showed less total feed intake in pigs fed ExPress® with respect to pigs fed solvent extracted SBM, with similar performance and final BW same or nearly the same14. This reiterates the economic benefits from feeding a highly-digestible soymeal. Additionally, this study reiterates the importance of a controllable thermal cook process for soybeans to retain maximized nutritional quality. In other words, not all processes are optimized the same – if proper processing parameters are not achieved, animal performance can suffer.

Overall, ExPress® soymeal is a unique, high-quality ingredient with an excellent nutritional value when properly processed with high-shear dry extrusion. This makes it suitable for swine diets, which can be precisely formulated. Thus, it provides the pigs with highly digestible dietary essential amino acids and greater energy.  As an added economic benefit for producers using ExPress® meal, diets can be simplified reducing diet costs through removing or decreasing the amount of synthetic amino acids and fats/oils.


 

Recommendations:

  • Add nutritional value to soybeans using high-shear dry extrusion for thorough cell wall rupture, which improves amino acid digestibility and metabolizable energy available for more efficient growth in pigs.  
  • Simplify ingredients in swine diets and reduce overall diet costs by reducing or removing synthetic amino acids and fats/oils and replacing with ExPress® soymeal.  
  • Use a high-digestible soymeal to reduce total feed intake, and require less total feed production, while maintaining pig performance.

References

        1.  Number of pigs worldwide form 2012 to 2021| Statista.
        2. Global pork production will be up in 2021, USDA forecasts global trade - Swine news - pig333, pig to pork community.
        3. Global Pork Market Forecast (2018 to 2026) - By Production, (globenewswire.com)..
        4. Noblet J. and Van Milgen J. 2013. Energy and energy metabolism in swine. In: L. Chiba editor, Sustainable swine Nutrition. p. 23-57.
        5. Chiba, L. Sustainable Swine Nutrition. 2013.
        6.  Nutritional value of soy products fed to pigs. SwineFocus004.pdf (illinois.edu).  
        7. (PDF) Extrusion-Based Oilseed Processing Methods (researchgate.net)..
        8. J Anim. Sci. 2001.79:1280-7. DOI: 10.2527/2001.7951280x
        9. J. Anim. Sci.2020. 98:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa215
        10. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 2017. 233:76-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.006
        11. Lysine to protein ratio: an indicator to estimate heat damage in processed ingredients - insta pro (insta-pro.com).
        12. J. Anim. Sci. 2011.89:3617-25. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3465
        13. https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.6980.
        14. J. Anim. Sci. 2003;81(8):2032-40. DOI: 10.2527/2003.8182032x